Sigmund Freud :: essays research papers

What is the origin of your theories and what evidence do you have to back them up?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud developed many theories in an effort to answer the mystery of a person’s conscious and subconscious. The evidence for these theories came through years of analysis of patients and himself. In fact many of his ideas and beliefs came from his own psychoanalysis. His invention of â€Å"psychoanalysis† ha allowed us to better understand the Oedipus Complex, dreams, and symptoms of hysteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain patients of Freud would display signs and symptoms of hysteria and instead of excepting a doctor’s diagnostic he would delve into their mind in order to find a resolution. After analyzing numerous patients he came to the belief that certain events are never forgotten. A memory that would possible cause this problem would not fade away but rather just burrow itself into the persons conscious. The only way these events could ever be reached would be when the conscious would release its barrier and this could be done under hypnosis. Once the event and it feelings were relived the symptoms were gone. Freud came to the conclusion that the symptoms were a way of the conscious discharging the â€Å"affect† of the memory. In time Freud came to realize that a more productive method of recalling the memories was through â€Å"free association† or just talking about whatever is in your head. When this was performed on patients and the feedback wa s studied Freud was amazed that an abundance of it dealt with sexual childhood experiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This type of feedback became common in Freud’s free association sessions. What the patient talked about was not perfectly straight forward it was instead disguised. This disguising was common because it was a tool used buy the conscious in order to protect itself. Eventually these childhood experiences developed into the theory of the Oedipus complex. This complex meant that since a majority of a small child life is spent with just two parents, he forms an attraction to the opposite sex and a resentment towards the father. The Oedipus Complex in fact had strong support from Freud’s own experiences. As a boy he had seen his own mother naked and had become sexually aroused. And also when his father died it stirred up memories of when he had hated his father and even imagined his death. He remarked, â€Å"I have found a love of the mother and a jealously of the father in my own case too, and now believe it to be a general phenomenon of early childhood, even if it does not occur so early as in children who have been made hysterics.

Bears :: Animals Wildlife Nature Essays

Bears â€Å"If you talk to the animals, they will talk to you, and you will know each other. If you do not talk to them, you will not know them, and what you do not know you will fear. What one fears, one destroys.† This was said by Chief Dan George and is common with many wild animals here in North America; one animal in particular, the bear. There are three different types of bears in North America: brown (or grizzly), polar, and black. The most common in the Northern Virginia area are black bears (Palmer & Lickley, 2001). Though the Native Americans respected and even revered bears, they became a symbol of danger, aggression, violence, and fear for the white man as he moved onto Native American lands. Today, people fear bears because of stories they’ve heard about attacks, movies they’ve watched, or various personal reasons, but here is a different story. Bear attacks are very rare. Over the past one hundred years, fewer than fifty people have died from grizzly bear attacks, and only one hundred and fifty such attacks have been reported as serious (Animal Planet, 2004). Bears do not attack just because they are bears and it’s their nature; in fact, they are not naturally aggressive. Past and current events have affected bears and the way people view them, but bears are not vicious creatures that attack at will. Encounters with bears do not have to be horrible; there are steps a person can take to ensure their own safety and the safety of the bear. First, why do bears attack? Bears are animals and act instinctively in order to survive. They are omnivores, so they eat both meat and plants, such as berry or flowered plants, rodents, and fish. Bears are social, predictable (if you understand them), curious about their environment, and they don’t have an agenda. They live in a dominance hierarchy and they are not territorial, but they will defend their personal space (Emerald Air Service, 2004). Every bear varies and has a different comfort zone. Some bears, usually younger ones, will approach objects they are curious about within two inches, while other bears don’t get within two miles of something new.

Howard Schultz Essay

Organization culture has been defined and studied in many and varied ways. Culture is defined as the set of key values, beliefs, understandings, and norms shared by members of an organization (Daft, 2012). The culture of an organization is going to play a big role in the success of the company. No matter how big or how small the company is, maintaining a culture that all employees can live by. Having all employees on board with the company’s mission will pay off a great deal in the long run. Starbucks is one of the premier coffee shops in the United States and their mission tell consumers what they do to maintain a huge customer base, to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time (www. starbucks. com). This paper will help consumers understand Starbucks’ organizational culture and the key leadership and management traits used to execute the business strategy. When people think coffee, they think Starbucks. Starbucks has become a hot commodity when it comes to consumers and their coffee. When people go to a Starbucks, they already know what they are getting, specialty coffee, great customer service and a nice cozy place to relax and just kick back. From the CEO on down to the baristas, Starbucks has developed a culture that sets them apart from other coffee shops around the world. Their success can be credited to the customer service. Anyone in a business knows that customer service is very important and can determine the success of a company. Starbucks thrives on ensuring that the baristas develop positive relationships with all customers. By doing this, customers will start to become loyal to the company. Loyal customers will keep Starbucks competitive in a market that a lot of people seem to be fond of because when people get up in the morning, nothing may be more refreshing then a cup of coffee. The Starbucks organization wants all its customers to feel like they are part of something special when they purchase a cup of Starbucks coffee. To help strengthen the culture, Starbucks focuses on being active in communities, in addition to their environmental responsibility, business ethics, open door policy, and their concern for the employees, customers, and stockholders, all these things make a strong positive organizational culture (Campbell, 2009). Within the organization, from the Starbucks executives down to the baristas, when it comes to maintaining the positive organizational culture that has been laid out for all employees, Starbucks separates themselves from many other coffee shops. The Starbucks management team has not based their success off of several things. Within the company the stores offer things that not many restaurants offer, such as Wi-Fi, exotic styles of coffee and a comfortable place to relax and enjoy a hot or cold coffee beverage. These things differ from other coffee spots in the world, so it makes Starbucks very unique. The innovative coffee styles that Starbucks uses attract the traditional coffee fanatic, as well as a new customer base. The styles of coffee will maintain customer loyalty and loyalty is one of Starbucks main focuses. The dedicated customers consist of business professionals and students. These are the individuals that Starbucks employees will see the most. The environment is made for them as well. For example, business men and women may go to Starbucks for lunch. It is comforting, quiet, and the store gives off a positive vibe. For students, it gives them a chance to indulge in a good beverage as well as take time out of their day to kick back and read a book or even catch up on a few homework assignments, whatever the case may be Starbucks offers an environment that others do not. To some consumers, having the coffee may just be a bonus; they really enjoy the environment Starbucks offers. According to brand expert Priya Raghubir, â€Å"Starbucks stands for coffee; it’s converted that into an experience, â€Å"People really have gotten to know Starbucks as the quintessential coffee shop, where they can sit and be welcome over a cup of coffee† (Shayon, 2013). As discussed previously, customer satisfaction is very important to the brand and company. Making customers feel at home by making Starbucks a cozy environment and providing free Wi-Fi keeps customers happy and keeps customers coming back. The management team coming up with these concepts really puts what they are trying to do as a company in prospective and also gives consumers an idea of what their company culture is. Throughout the company there are different management positions. It is the job of this team to attain organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources (Daft, 2012). Within the Starbucks culture one of the main focuses is the customers. With that being said a good management competency to have is communication. This is a very important skill to have because at Starbucks employees are constantly dealing with customers. Even at the executive level of management, communication is even more important because these are the individuals that are making the decisions that could affect the entire company as a whole. When those decisions are made they need to get communicated down to the baristas and everyone else in between. Communication fits perfectly within this company’s culture. Communicating things from the top to bottom tells all the employees what the main purpose of the company is. Communication helps maintain the culture throughout the whole company as well. For an organization like Starbucks were the focus is to keep customers coming back, the employees must communicate with them at a level that employees from other coffee shops just are not use to. With how Starbucks operates as a whole, they have made themselves the place to buy coffee, which they are not really known for. They are recognized for their great communication with the customers, with other employees, and the management team, and the goal is maintain this level of professionalism so the new and existing customers re-enter a Starbucks and always get the same exact experience no matter the location. â€Å"We’re not in the coffee business. It’s what we sell as a product but we’re in the people business hiring hundreds of employees a week, serving sixty million customers a week, it’s all human connection† (Gallo, 2012). Chief Executive Officer Howard Schultz is the man behind how this culture was developed; he is the one that drives the bus today. Back in the 1980’s Schultz had a vision to enhance the way people drink their coffee and he did just that. Starbucks coffee speaks for itself; it is the culture Schultz put in place that makes Starbucks unique and a nice environment to be in. Starbucks opened its first store March 30, 1971 with more than 17, 000 locations around the world (Gallo, 2012). Without Schultz, this company would not be what it is today. Since the early 70s the company has managed to emerge as a premier coffee in the world, and in the 80s with Schultz at the helm. In 2000, with Schultz not in the mix, things did not go as well as expected when he resigned. Eight years after his resignation; he was appointed as CEO again to help the company from the downward spiral they were on. Schultz stressed that is was going to take a lot to get Starbucks back to where they needed to be. It is clear that Schultz made a big impact on Starbucks when he was CEO, and when he was not CEO, the company took a bit of a plunge. Without Schultz, over time it seems like Starbucks may have not lasted. Answering the question, would Starbucks achieve long-term sustainability as a global leader in the coffee industry without Howard Shultz, the answer would have to be no. Just in a short period of time, the company managed to get away from the culture Shultz brought to the company. As an organization, it is their job to live up to the culture that was put in front of them. There have been many times in business where new leaders are appointed and they just do not live up to the expectations. This is a problem that can be fixed if communication is sustained as well. All companies develop or have a culture set in place already. Management plays a key role in developing and ensures that the culture is maintained. Starbucks is an organization that thrives off their culture and this is the reason why they are successful in the business world. They have set themselves apart from other coffee shops by focusing on things other than just the coffee, like the customers, the environment, and for business professionals and students, the Wi-Fi. The organizational culture at Starbucks may not be the best, but they are making a strong case for the organization. References Campbell, A. (2009, November 09). Organizational culture. EZine Articles, Retrieved from http://ezinearticles. com/? Organizational-Culture&id=3203513 July 23, 2013 Daft. (2012). Management. (10th ed. ). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Gallo, C. (2012). Starbucks ceo: Lesson in communication skills. Forbes, Retrieved from http://www. success. com/articles/1272-rekindling-the-heart-soul-of-starbucks? page=2 July 23, 2013 Shayon, S. (2013, March 08). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www. brandchannel. com/home/post/Starbucks-Customer-Loyalty-030813. aspx July 23, 2013 .

Food Crisis Essay

According to World Bank, they blame that the food crisis in Africa are causing by trade barrier. A lot of countries in Africa are restricted importing food from the border. Due to unfertilized land in a lot of parts in Africa, it causes people to discourage to be a farmer, so the food supply is less. However, African population is increasing rapidly. Therefore, the demand for food will just keep increasing. As a result, the demand for food would exceed supply for food in Africa. Before I move on to the next examples, I need to explain about the result of the demand exceed supply. Identical products around the world should fix in the law of one price, which mean that the identical products should sell at the same price around the world. This is because if it is not the same price, the country that sell high price would go to buy the low price product from another country and sell it to their country. Therefore, the country that sell product for low price with get a result in increasing demand which result in increasing in price. The supply for the high price product will be more because people import to sell in country, which result in decreasing in price. At the result, both countries will sell product at the same price. This will cause the exporter by the rest of the world need to sell the product at the same price (world price). Therefore, we can draw it in the graph as vertical lines while the supply in the country as an upward-sloping and the demand is downward-sloping, but food is necessary product, so the line should be more inelastic. Now we can plot all of this in to a graph, and a graph will look like this. The import is horizontal because of the world price, so they need to supply at this price. As you can see from the graph, the import is restrict at only the small amount according to Africa, only 5 percent of the food import, which resulting in demand exceeding supply, so we can apply this to the food crisis by trade restriction. Therefore, the price of food is increasing because there is high demand for food than supply in Africa, while the farmer is not encouraging by the government because only a little profit goes to them even though the price is high due to the government policy, so he Africa people suffer from hunger due to the unaffordable price of food. Not only Africa that face food crisis, but also the world is suffered during 2008. According to Europe, they claim that the world food crisis is because the trade restriction of many countries in the world such as Argentina, Russia, Japan and South Korea. These trade restrictions cause the price of food in the world to increase. People cannot afford the high price. Thus, the food crisis occurs and suffers many countries around the world. Food crisis occur in the country may lead to other problem. For example, the protest in Egypt also cause by raising cost of food in the country because of trade restriction. In long term solution to solve food crisis should be that the government should not intervene food price because food is necessary product; they choose restrict on the unnecessary product such as cigarette or alcohol instead. 20 million people in Africa are suffering from hunger nowadays due to this food crisis causing by trade restriction.

Chapter 2 Exam †Scarcity and the World of Trade Essay

CHAPTER 2 Exam – Scarcity and the World of Trade—offs MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)As a student of economics, when you speak of scarcity, you are referring to A)the ability of society to employ all of its resources. B) the ability of society to consume all that it produces. C)the inability of society to satisfy all human wants because of limited resources. D)the ability of society to continually make technological breakthroughs and increase production. 2)Which of the following statements is FALSE? A)As society increases its wealth, the problem of scarcity disappears. B)The factors of production are used to produce outputs that help society satisfy its wants. C)Even though a society faces the problem of scarcity, it does not necessarily suffer from poverty. D)Land and labor are both factors of production. 3)The problem of economic scarcity applies A)only in industrially developed countries because resources are scarce. B) only in underdeveloped countries because there are no productive resources. C) only in economic systems that are just beginning to develop because specialized resources are scarce. D)to all economic systems, regardless of their level of development. 4)In every economic system, choices must be made because resources A) are unlimited, but human desires and wants are limited. B)are limited, but human desires and wants are unlimited. C)are unlimited, and so are human desires and wants. D)are limited, and so are human desires and wants. 5)The opportunity cost of going to college might best be described as A)the money that must be paid in order to attend college. B)the lowest—valued alternative use of the student’s time. C)the highest—valued alternative use of the student’s time. D)the value that the student attaches to not working. 6)In the production of goods and services, trade—offs exist because A)not all production is efficient. B)society has only a limited amount of productive resources. C)buyers and sellers often must negotiate prices. D)human wants and needs are limited at a particular point in time. 7)Look at the following production possibilities table for drill presses and corn. The table shows the maximum combination of drills and bushels of corn that can be produced when all resources are fully employed. Drill Presses1020304050 Corn (bushels)15014012090500 Based on the above information, A)there is a constant trade—off between corn and drill presses. B)the opportunity cost of producing 30 drill presses instead of 20 drills is 120 bushels of corn. C)the opportunity cost of producing 40 drill presses instead of 30 drills is 30 bushels of corn. D)the production possibilities curve for drill presses and corn will be a straight line. 8)The production possibilities curve represents A)the maximum amount of labor and capital available to society. B)combinations of goods and services among which consumers are indifferent. C)the maximum combination of goods and services that can be produced with fixed resources and technology, given efficient use of the resources. D)the maximum rate of growth of capital and labor in a country. 9)Which of the following would result in a movement along the production possibilities curve? A)a fall in the unemployment rate B)growth in the capital stock C)population growth D)a change in the composition of two goods that a society chooses to produce 10)One of the assumptions underlying the production possibilities curve is that A) at least one of the factors of production is a free good. B)the quantity of the resources available for the production of economic goods is fixed over a given time period. C)there is at least one factor of production that is employed inefficiently. D)some of the factors of production are not being used. 11)Which of the following statements is NOT an assumption underlying the production possibilities curve? A)Resources are fully and efficiently employed. B)Technology is fixed. C)Production occurs over some specified time period. D)The amount of resources available for production can be changed quickly. 12)If a production possibilities curve for books and magazines is straight, then A)the opportunity cost of increasing book production remains constant regardless of the total quantity produced. B)the opportunity cost of increasing book production continues to decline as total production increases. C)the opportunity cost of increasing book production continues to increase as total production increases. D)the opportunity cost of increasing book production is independent of the shape of the curve. [pic] 13)Inthe figure above, point D A)is less efficient than point C.B) is more efficient than point A. C)is less efficient than point B.D) is more efficient than point B. 14)In the figure above, point E could be obtained if A) resources were shifted from education to healthcare. B)resources were used more efficiently. C)there was an increase in society’s resources. D)resources were shifted from healthcare to education. 15)In the figure above, the opportunity cost of moving from point B to point C A) is the loss in production in the healthcare sector. B)is the increase in production in the education sector. C)is zero. D)is the loss in production in the education sector. 16)In the figure above, Point A is undesirable because A)there is an inefficient use of resources. B)too much healthcare is being produced. C)the opportunity costs of health care are too high. D)point E is a more realistic option in this economy. Table 0201A Possibility Good ABCDEFG Television 212018151160 Personal computers0123456 17)When the economy moves from point D to E in Table 0201A, the opportunity cost of the computer in terms of televisions is A)3.B) 4.C) 2.D) 5. 18)According to Table 0201A, the opportunity cost of each additional computer in terms of televisions A)remains constant. B)falls as more computers are produced. C)increases as more computers are produced. D)is meaningless because the cost of computers cannot be expressed in terms of televisions. 19)Given the production possibilities schedule in Table 0201A, a combination of nine televisions and four personal computers A)is attainable but involves an inefficient use of societies resources. B)would be attainable only if a new technology of producing televisions or computers were introduced. C)is not attainable because it is not listed in the schedule. D)is not attainable because society does not have enough resources to produce this combination. 20)Given the production possibilities schedule in Table 0201A, a combination of 23 televisions and 6 personal computers A)is attainable but involves the unemployment of some of societies resources. B) clearly illustrates the trade—off between televisions and computers. C)cannot be produced by society, given its current level of resources and production technology. D)can be produced only if society is willing to have some of its resources used inefficiently. 21)If an economy is operating at a point inside the production possibilities curve, then A)society’s resources are being inefficiently utilized. B)the curve will move to the left. C)society’s resources are being used to produce too many consumer goods. D)economic policy must retard further growth of the economy. 22)A movement along the production possibilities curve would imply that A) the labor force has grown. B)productivity has increased. C)society has chosen a different set of outputs. D)productivity has declined because workers are demanding more leisure. 23)Which of the following would cause an economy to be producing at a point inside its production possibilities curve? A)the efficient allocation of all factors of production B)population growth C)unemployment and an inefficient use of available resources D)capital accumulation 24)A straight line production possibilities curve takes this shape because A) the opportunity cost of producing a good is constant. B)the opportunity cost of producing more of a good is decreasing. C)resources are better suited for producing one output than another. D)resources are fixed. [pic] 25)In the figure above, the combination of computers and televisions shown by point X A) is not attainable at the point in time for which the graph is drawn. B)can be attained only if some of societies resources are unemployed. C)suggests that the law of increasing relative costs does not hold. D)results only because society allocates its resources inefficiently. 26)The combination of personal computers and televisions shown in the figure above by point W A)is an efficient use of society’s resources because it is below the production possibilities curve. B)is more desirable than point X because producing at point W does not put a strain on society’s resources. C)is attainable but involves the inefficient use of some of society’s resources. D)is beyond the capacity of society to produce. 27)Which of the following statements about movement along the production possibilities curve in the figure above is FALSE? A)An additional computer can be produced only if fewer televisions are produced. B)The trade—off between computers and televisions is not constant. C)Society cannot have more of both goods at the same time. D)There are no opportunity costs involved in choosing one point on the curve over all other points. 28)In the figure above, points U, V. Y, and Z show A)an inefficient allocation of societies scarce resources. B)possible combinations of televisions and personal computers. C)a constant trade—off between televisions and personal computers. D)society prefers more televisions than computers. 29)A President of the United States promises to simultaneously produce more defense goods without any decreases in the production of other goods. Under which of the following conditions could such a promise be valid? A)if the U.S. were producing at a point on its production possibilities curve B)if the U.S. were producing inside its production possibilities curve C)if the U.S. were producing to the right of its production possibilities curve D)none of the above; the production possibilities curve must shift to the right 30)If opportunity costs are constant, then A)the production possibilities curve does not exist. B)the production possibilities curve bows outward. C)the production possibilities curve is a straight line. D)factors of production must not be fully employed. 31)The production possibilities curve bows outward because A)opportunity costs are decreasing as the production of a good increases. B)opportunity costs are increasing as the production of a good increases. C)opportunity costs are fixed as the production of a good increases. D)resources are of uniform quality. 32)One type of factor of production is physical capital. All of the following are examples ofphysical capital EXCEPT A)buildings B) machinery C)AM/FM radiosD) a hydroelectric power plant 33)A country that must reduce current consumption to increase future consumption possibilities A)must be allocating resources inefficiently. B)must be producing along the production possibilities curve. C)must be producing outside the production possibilities curve. D)must not have private ownership of property. 34)Which of the following statements about economic scarcity is FALSE? A)Scarcity occurs among the poor and the rich. B)Scarcity only occurs if there are shortages and people waiting in line to buy things. C)Scarcity results from not having enough resources to produce all the things we want. D)Scarcity results in the necessity to make choices. 35)Which of the following statements is FALSE? A)Economic goods are available in desired quantities at a zero price. B)A good is anything that gives satisfaction or happiness to individuals. C)Services are intangible goods such as dry cleaning, hospital care, and restaurant meal preparation. D)Wants are unlimited and include all material and nonmaterial desires. 36)Ineconomic terminology, when a resource is used to produce output it is referred to as A)an intangible.B) a factor of production. C)a service. D) a fifth element. 37)Opportunity cost is defined as A)the value of the next—best alternative that must be sacrificed to attain a want. B)the least—cost means to produce output. C)the value of the output currently received by an individual or a corporation. D)the return from a given unit of labor. 38)One opportunity cost associated with going to college is A) purchasing text books. B)paying tuition. C)giving up employment possibilities while in college. D)paying for room, board, and other living expenses. 39)A production possibilities curve with clothing and food on the axes shows that I. A society can not have an unlimited amount of each good II.For an efficient society, an increase in clothing production will necessitate a decrease in food production III. A society will always produce the maximum amount of both clothing and food A) I onlyB) II onlyC) III onlyD) Both I and II 40)A straight—line production possibilities curve has A)an increasing opportunity cost between the two goods. B)a decreasing opportunity cost between the two goods. C)a constant opportunity cost between the two goods. D)no opportunity cost between the two goods. 41)A point outside a society’s production possibilities curve is one which is A) unattainable given the resources of the society. B)technologically inefficient. C)undesirable given the implied underemployment of resources. D)desirable since it satisfies the desires of the population. 42)A point inside a society’s production possibilities curve represents A)an unattainable combination of outputs. B)an output combination which satisfies the needs of the population. C)an underutilization of productive resources. D)a technically superior output combination. 43)It is correct to state that a society which is on its production possibilities curve is A) underutilizing is resources. B)technologically inefficient. C)consuming too much output. D)fully utilizing its productive resources. 44)Technology is defined as A)the maximum output which can be attained from a stock of physical capital. B)society’s pool of applied knowledge concerning the production of goods and services. C)output beyond the production possibilities boundary. D)the utilization of the most advanced machinery. 45)Efficiency can correctly be defined as A)producing outside the production possibilities boundary. B)minimizing opportunity cost. C)producing the maximum output with given technology and resources. D)providing for the immediate needs of the greatest proportion of the population. 46)The law of increasing opportunity cost implies that A)producing additional units of one good results in proportionately smaller reductions in output of the other good. B)producing additional units of one good results in increasing amounts of lost output of the other good. C)the  production possibilities curve will be a straight line. D)the society will be producing on its production possibilities curve. 47)A bowed production possibilities curve is consistent with A) an unchanged opportunity cost. B)a technologically inefficient society. C)the underutilization of productive resources. D)highly specialized resources. 48)A bowed outward production possibilities curve occurs when A)opportunity costs are constant. B) resources are not scarce. C)additional units of output of one good necessitate increased reductions in the other good. D)the society is operating on the production possibilities curve. 49)Comparative advantage implies choosing that activity which A)has a high opportunity cost. B)is inside the production possibilities frontier. C)has the lowest opportunity cost. D)does not demand any specialization. 50)If individual X has comparative advantage in painting and individual Y has comparative advantage in carpentry, then A)individual X must use fewer hours to paint a fence than individual Y. B)individual Y will specialize in painting. C)there is a lower opportunity cost (expressed in units of carpentry) for individual X to paint than for individual Y to paint. D)specialization will not occur, since each does not have a clear absolute advantage. 51)Which of the following statements about scarcity is TRUE? A)Scarcity is no longer a problem for industrialized countries. B)Scarcity exists in all societies. C)Scarcity is a problem only for greedy people. D)Scarcity is a problem only in countries that do not use markets to organize economic activity. 52)In 1992 hurricanes damaged parts of Florida, Louisiana, and Hawaii, destroying homes, businesses, schools, and infrastructure. In strictly economic terminology, these hurricanes are said to have caused A)scarcity, because the damages made food and shelter scarce. B)scarcity, because some goods were difficult to get. C)shortages, because supplies were cut off and goods were destroyed. D)absolute advantages, because some areas of the country were damaged when others were not. 53)The difference between scarcity and a shortage is A)scarcity is caused by poverty and shortages are caused by natural disasters. B)shortages are a type of scarcity caused by natural disasters while scarcity is caused by human errors. C)scarcity always is a part of human life while shortages usually are temporary. D)shortages are always part of human life while scarcity is usually temporary. 54)Human resources that perform the functions of organizing, managing, and assembling the other factors of production are called A)physical capital.B) venture capital. C)entrepreneurship.D) productive capital. 55)Services can be thought of as A)unvalued goods.B) unwanted goods. C)free goods. D) intangible goods. 56)Scarcity implies that people must A)be miserable.B) be selfish.C) make choices.D) not be selfish. 57)Opportunity cost is A)the intrinsic value of an economic good. B)the total value of all the alternatives forsaken when a choice is made. C)the value of the opportunity selected when a need is satisfied. D)the value of the next highest—ranked alternative that must be sacrificed to obtain a want. 58)Suppose you have four choices–go to a movie, read a book, watch television, or go to a concert. You choose to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of the movie is A)the value of the book not read. B)the value of the television program not watched. C)the value of the concert that you didn’t attend. D)the value of the activity that you would have selected if you hadn’t gone to the movie. 59)Fred and Ann both decide to see the same movie when they are given free tickets to the movie. We know that A)both bear an opportunity cost since they could have done other things instead of see the movie. B)both bear the same opportunity cost since they are doing the same thing. C)the cost of going to the movie is greater for the one who had more choices to do other things. D)neither bear an opportunity cost because the tickets were free. 60)Opportunity costs are A)objective because they can always be put in monetary terms. B)objective because specific things are given up when making a choice. C)subjective because each person decides the value of the foregone alternative. D)subjective because it is impossible to put a monetary value on foregone alternatives. 61)Bill Bonecrusher graduates from college with a choice of playing professional football at $2 million a year or coaching for $50,000 a year. He decides to play football, but eight years later he quits football to make movies for $3 million a year. His opportunity cost at graduation was and eight years later was A)$50,000; $2 millionB) $2 million; $2 million C)$2 million; $3 millionD) $50,000; $50,000 [pic] 62)A farmer has 200 acres of land on which he can grow soybeans or corn. An acre of land yields 200 bushels of soybeans or 100bushels of corn. The figure above refers to the farmer’s A)production possibilities curve.B) substitution options curve. C)trade—offs curve. D) opportunity cost curve, 63)If the farmer is producing 5000 bushels of soybeans at point B in the figure above, we know that A)the farmer is not using his resources efficiently. B)the farmer is using his land to produce a crop other than soybeans or corn. C) the farmer must be using more land than was used in constructing the  production possibilities curve. D)the farmer is using his resources efficiently. 64)In the figure above, how many units of corn are produced at point a? A)2000 B)2500 C)3000 D)We can’t tell without more information 65)A point outside a production possibilities curve indicates A)that resources are not being used efficiently. B)an output combination that society cannot attain given its current level of resources and technology. C)that resources are being used very efficiently. D)that both goods are characterized by increasing costs. [pic] 66)In the figure above, which of the following points indicates the efficient use of resources? A) a B)f C)g D) h 67)The shape of the production possibilities curve in the figure above indicates that A)production of corn is characterized by increasing costs while the production of cloth is characterized by decreasing costs. B)production of both corn and cloth is characterized by increasing costs. C)production of both corn and cloth is characterized by constant costs. D) production of corn is characterized by constant costs and the production of cloth is characterized by increasing costs. 68)Between points b and c in the figure above, the opportunity cost of another bushel ofcorn is A)1 yard of cloth. B) 1.25 yards of cloth. C)1.5 yards of cloth.D) 2.5 yards of cloth. 69)Which of the following would NOT allow society to move to point h in the figure above? A)an improvement in technology B)more efficient use of resources of current resources C)an increase in quantity of labor D)an increase in quantity of capital 70)The law of increasing relative costs is due to A)taxes. B)scarcity. C)the fact that it is more difficult to use resources efficiently the more society produces. D)the fact that resources not are perfectly adaptable for alternative uses. 71)If a country’s production possibilities curve gets more bowed out over time, it is an indication that A)technological change has taken place. B)society is learning to use its resources more efficiently. C)the quantity of labor and capital have increased. D)resources have become more highly specialized. 72)If all resources were perfectly adaptable for alternative uses, the production possibilities curve would A)be bowed out. B) be bowed in. C)be a straight line.D) not exist. 73)Economic growth can be pictured in a production possibilities curve diagram by A)making the production possibilities curve more bowed out. B)making the production possibilities curve less bowed out. C)shifting the production possibilities curve out. D)shifting the production possibilities curve in. 74)The opportunity cost of more capital goods today is A) fewer capital goods in the future. B)fewer consumer goods in the future. C)fewer consumer goods today. D)more unemployed resources in the future. 75)Suppose an acre of land yields 100 bushels of corn and that one bushel of corn provides enough seed for one-quarter of an acre of land. The opportunity cost of consuming another bushel of corn today is A)100 bushels of corn next year.B) 25 bushels of corn next year. C)10 bushels of corn next year. D) 2.5 bushels of corn next year. 76)Whenever a society forgoes current consumption to invest in capital goods, A) the less the society can consume next year. B)the easier it will be for the society to consume less in the future because people will become accustomed to less. C)the more the society can consume in the future. D)the less capital the society can produce in the future. 77)Generally, specialization leads to A)constant opportunity costs. B)greater productivity. C)the production of fewer capital goods. D)greater self—reliance. 78)A person has a comparative advantage in an activity whenever she A) has an absolute advantage in the activity. B)can perform the activity at a lower opportunity cost than can another person. C)can do the activity in less time than anyone else. D)can do everything better than anyone else. 79)Comparative advantage is always a(n)concept. A)absoluteB) efficiencyC) relativeD) monetary 80)If you can make $20,000 a year teaching, $25,000 a year typing, $30,000 a year driving a cab, and $40,000 a year as a chef, you have a comparative advantage in A)teaching. B)driving a cab. C)being a chef. D)one of them but we need more information to know which. 81)Division of labor refers to A)dividing tasks up into several subtasks and having one person perform these subtasks in a certain order. B)the separation of hourly workers from salaried workers. C)assigning different workers to different tasks. D)separating union workers from nonunion workers. 82)Division of labor increases the output of society by A)eliminating scarcity. B)reducing the choices people have to make to a more manageable number. C) ensuring that people are happier in performing their work. D)allowing resources to specialize in the tasks for which they have a comparative advantage. 83)Which of the following are considered factors of production? I.Land II.Labor III.Physical capital IV.Entrepreneurship A)I and II only B) I and III only C)I, II and III onlyD) I, II, III and IV 84)In economic terminology, the accumulated training and education that workers receive that increases their productivity is referred to as A)entrepreneurship.B) human capital. C)labor. D) physical capital. 85)The division of productive activities among persons and regions so that no one individual or area is totally self—sufficient is known as A)advantage-taking.B) comparative value. C)specialization.D) out—sourcing. 86)Assume that Economy A and Economy B have the same resources, but that individuals in Economy A have specialized whereas individuals in Economy B have not. Given this information, you can determine that A)Economy A will have a higher output than Economy B. B)Economy A will have a lower output than Economy B. C)Economy A and Economy B will have identical outputs. D)individuals in Economy A will have lower incomes than individuals in Economy 87)When nations specialize in their areas of comparative advantage and then trade with the rest of the world, the result is that A)the average standard of living in the world will go down. B) the average standard of living in the world will go up. C)the world will move from a point on the production possibilities curve to a point inside the curve. D)worldwide economic efficiency will decrease.

Marriages are Made in Heaven

Wearing the school uniform, Yu arrived at the food shop operated by her parents in Taichung. â€Å"Mom,† said Yu, â€Å"Give me a sandwich for lunch†¦ quick please! I'm going to be late.† â€Å"So why didn't you have your lunch in school? You won't be late if you did do so†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The mother mumbled. â€Å"I'm sorry.† Yu dared not to argue with her mother. After fetching the sandwich, she had to rush to school in a hurry. She's only young once. That year she was a seventeen-year-old girl in Taiwan. That was a sunny day. When Yu was on her way home, she saw a group of people filming movie in the street. â€Å"Action!† A man with sun-glasses shouted. Driven by curiosity, Yu stood aside and watched. Suddenly a man came into her sight— he was ordinary and was about twenty something years old. He sat on the stairs nearby for taking a rest. Yu noticed that he hurt his leg. He was bleeding! Being always kind-hearted, she went in front of the man, gave him a tissue paper and then asked him softly, â€Å"Are you alright?† â€Å"Thanks,† The man nodded and smiled, â€Å"I'm fine. It doesn't matter.† It was about half past six already. Yu could not go back home too late or else she would be punished, â€Å"I need to go now†¦ bye!† â€Å"Bye,† the man responded. â€Å"What a lovely girl!† he thought. It had been one week since the day Yu met the man. From that day onward, Yu went and watched the movie filming after school everyday. She did enjoy watching it. But, somehow she found that chatting with that man named Paul was indeed much more fun. â€Å"Yu, why are you so late again?† mother asked. â€Å"Sorry mom,† Yu answered, â€Å"I have so many things to do in school these days.† Yu returned to her bedroom, writing her diary: â€Å"Watching the movie filming after school has become part of my daily life! Paul is so humorous! He told me lots of things today. Surprisingly, he was born in a poor family in Hong Kong; this made him not to have the chance of studying in secondary school. Therefore, he started working when he was just about 14 years old. With relative low educational level but has a great knowledge in Chinese kung fu, he applied for the movie stunt man†¦ Well I think Paul's life is extra-ordinary. By the way, he got much better now. I mean the new cut on his hand has healed up already! Thanks God! Besides, he†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul gave a bunch of red roses to Yu. â€Å"Happy birthday!† he said. Yu was glad, â€Å"thank you so much! This is my first time receiving flowers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yu,† Paul felt a bit embarrassed, â€Å"Could I†¦ have dinner with you tonight?† â€Å"Sure!† Yu answered, â€Å"But let me go home and get dressed first.† â€Å"Okay. I will wait for you in front of the Good Luck Restaurant. See you!† Paul said. Yu was really excited. Paul always gave her a surprise. He was great. So far, he was the only one who would give her such special feelings. â€Å"Mom,† Yu said, â€Å"I need to go out for dinner†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"With whom?† mother wondered, â€Å"And why? We have prepared something to celebrate your birthday already†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"With my friends†¦ I mean my classmates. They have booked a table in the restaurant to celebrate with me, that's why I couldn't refuse them. I promise you, I will go back home before ten o'clock and then celebrate with you again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yu went out of her bedroom. She was already dressed and prepared to go out, â€Å"I need to go now. Bye mom!† She went out quickly, leaving her mother looking at the bunch of roses questioningly, â€Å"What's going on with my daughter?† Paul and Yu were sitting at the table near the windows of the Good Luck Restaurant. â€Å"Yu, do you know†¦ it has been thirty-three days since I first met you.† Paul said. â€Å"Oh you still remember?† Yu was delighted. â€Å"Yes I do. I remember†¦ every moment being with you†¦ always.† They smiled, looking at each other. After that Paul abased his head, â€Å"actually, the movie filming is going to finish within these few days.† â€Å"Oh†¦ where will you go then?† Yu was nervous. â€Å"I will go back to Hong Kong†¦ I may not see you in the near future. Therefore, I want to tell you something important before I leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul said it seriously, â€Å"Yu, I don't want to be your friend†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What?† Yu didn't understand. Paul fixed his eyes on Yu, â€Å"I mean, I want to be your boyfriend!† â€Å"Boy†¦ boyfriend?† â€Å"Yes. Because I love you†¦ truly love you that I c an no longer treat you as my ordinary friend!† Time was still. It seemed that they were the only two people in the whole world†¦ Yu had got into a big trouble. Those days without Paul were lengthy and lonely. Every time when she thought of the time being with Paul, every time when she thought of the words Paul told her on her birthday, every time when she thought of the promise made by Paul†¦ it was really a kind of torture! Nothing would be sadder than two people who love each other so much being separated. Paul had gone for nearly a year already. In these days, Yu could only communicate with him by writing letters. If it was possible, Yu would phone him. They missed each other a lot and their love never stopped growing. Sometimes, when Yu was in a weak moment, she wondered if the relationship between her and Paul could keep long. Paul was in Hong Kong whereas she was in Taiwan. She promised him she would write many many letters to him, but was it enough to maintain their love? Would their love be a â€Å"soon got, soon gone† one? He promised her he would marry her when he got enough money, but was it a joke? Would it be fulfilled? Hardly could Yu see her future through a mist. Anyway she would wait for Paul. Yu's mother noticed her daughter's suspicious acts, having checked her daughter's diary and letters, she knew that her daughter had fallen in love with a guy called â€Å"Paul†. She started questioning and arguing with Yu, â€Å"tell me!† she shouted at Yu, â€Å"who is Paul? You think that I know nothing else right?† Yu was angry too, â€Å"I want to ask you too! Why did you read my diary and letters without asking me? You never respect me!† Yu cried, â€Å"I don't understand why you never give me the freedom to do what I want to do!† Mother bemused. Never could she think that her daughter would talk to her in this way. The â€Å"cold war† between Yu and her mother thus broke out. They stopped talking to each other for nearly half month. Yu's father, who was always a clam but a mind reader, understood everything clearly and tried to do something rebuilding the relationship between Yu and her mother. â€Å"Yu,† father told her, â€Å"you should tell your mother what you feel. And, if it can be done, introduce that guy to your mom.† Yu was worried, â€Å"Paul will come to Taiwan again next week. He said, he's going to marry me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And do you wish to? Are you sure? Marry in haste, and repent at leisure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yu's father was shocked, but he kept calm. â€Å"I did think about it deeply before.† Yu said, â€Å"Marriage is a lottery. Once you meet your Mr. Right, you should not give him up. I truly know what I am doing, what I am looking for.† â€Å"So bring him here,† Father promised, â€Å"I will always support you.† A tense atmosphere. Sitting on the sofa, mother stared at Paul. â€Å"Yu told me that†¦ you are a movie stunt man?† â€Å"Yes auntie† Paul answered politely. â€Å"Maintaining a family is not easy. It is the responsibility for a man to take good care of his family†¦ provide all the best for his family†¦ you know what I mean?† â€Å"I have stable salaries. And, I live in a flat in Hong Kong with my mom†¦ though it's not very big. I have the ability to take good care of my family— I'm sure, though I'm not rich†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul stressed. â€Å"So have you studied in any university†¦ or any secondary school?† Mother was being so mean. â€Å"No,† Paul replied, â€Å"but I don't think that it's a big problem— at least, I can earn a living now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Fine. Do you think that Yu can accommodate herself to a strange place? If she goes to Hong Kong with you†¦ I will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yu's mother couldn't control her emotio n. She was in tears. â€Å"Mom,† Yu also melt into tears, â€Å"I know you love me so much†¦ But the point is, I don't want to marry a person that I know that I can live with; I only want to marry someone that I cannot live without!† In silence. Yu's father touched her wife on the shoulder, â€Å"let her go†¦ she has the right to choose.† In the wedding ceremony, the bridegroom and the bridge were a good match. â€Å"Yu,† Paul said, â€Å"I will make a good match for you.† Yu smiled, â€Å"later, I can prove to my dad and mom that, I had made a good match too.† This is the end of this story. However, it is just a new start between Paul and Yu. Their own story will continue, until the end of their lives.

Prayer in Public schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prayer in Public schools - Essay Example The United States was established on freedom, and one of the freedoms was the freedom of worship or religion. America’s forefathers knew that there had to be a distinction between state and church. This allowed US citizens to practice any religion they chose and they would be no interference from the government. An overabundance of court cases has ruled that having school prayers is unconstitutional. Whereas, having school prayers funded by the administration is constitutional (Oak 1). Moms in prayer are among various groups that hold school prayers. Whereas, the Union of American Civil Liberties is opposed to school prayers. Prayers in school are a debate that has been ranging on since the 1960’s with the milestone case of Engle v. Vitale. This case found that the school wide petitioned prayer narrated by its students was unconstitutional. Various litigation ensued this ruling, whereby the school funded prayer was prohibited, such as during graduations and sporting events. Those that are for school prayer will argue that it allows for religious freedoms and brings back morality within schools (Oak 1). In addition, it allows students to express their right of the First Amendment. Those that are opposing school prayer will argue that one religion may go in contradiction of other religious opinions, with prayer the feeling of religion will be pushed upon them against their beliefs and that goes against their constitutional rights, and not everyone believes in a God. In conclusion, the issue â€Å"Should school prayer be allowed?" is proved justifiably to be "Yes, school prayer is permissible within particular considerations." In actuality, the question is usually an opinionated struggle to attain legislative authority by spiritual groups who wish for a selected system belief. This opinionated resistance does not deduce well into a limited disparity for or against school