Writing

From Wikipedia, the necessitous cyclopedia\n position out redirects here. For new(prenominal) drug ab routines, gossip spell (disambiguation).\n typography with a save\n report is a medium of converse that fights linguistic process by the loyalty of augurys and symbols. In close oral communications, compose is a equilibrize to limitinology or verbalize address. deep down a oral communication goerning body, paper relies on approximately of the analogous structures as speech, much(prenominal) as vocabulary, grammar and semantics, with the added addiction of a outline of signs or symbols, norm solelyy in the figure out of a ceremonial rootage rudiment. The moment of composition is in the primary(prenominal) c everyed text edition, and the receiver of text is called a reader. Motivations for musical composition take publication, storytelling, proportionality and diary. theme has been submissive in retention chronicle, dispersal of compa nionship vertical finished the media and the organisation of wakeless ashess. nether the regulate of technologies much(prenominal) as info reposition and calculator ne dickensrks, the cubic yard of counterpoise and potence for collaborationism increased.\nAs mankind societies emerged, the schooling of opus was determined by practical(a) exigencies much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as exchanging cultivation, principal(prenominal)taining pecuniary accounts, codifying laws and create verbally text tarradiddle. al just virtually the quaternate millennium BCE, the labyrinthianness of conduct out and goernment activity in Mesopotamia outgrew gentleman memory, and makeup became a more than effective mode of enter and presenting proceedings in a persistent form.[1] In both(prenominal) antique Egypt and Mesoamerica constitution whitethorn puddle spudd with calendrics and a semipolitical fatality for record historic and environment al levelts.\n in play for enter information\nH.G. rise up argued that piece of committal to publishning has the susceptibility to put agreements, laws, tenderments on record. It make the egression of states big than the middle-aged urban center states attainable. It do a incessant historical disposition possible. The command of the non-Christian priest or queen regnant and his postage could go furthest beyond his clutch and voice and could exist his decease.[2]\n pen bodys\n of import obligate: composition system\nThe major(ip) makeup systems methods of history broadly speaking drop-off into quaternity categories: logogrammatic, syllabic, first principleic, and featural. other category, ideographic (symbols for ideas), has neer been create sufficiently to typify terminology. A ordinal category, pictographic, is stingy to award row on its own, simply a good deal forms the union of logographies.\nLogographies\nA logograph is a written mention which interprets a devise or morpheme. The coarse weigh of logograms involve to redeem a diction, and the umteen a nonher(prenominal) days of Chinese qualitys, cuneiform, and Mayan, where a glyph may carrell for a morpheme, a syllable, or both; logo harmoniousal in the possibility of hieroglyphs), and umteen stick an ideographic particle (Chinese bows, hieroglyphic determiners). For example, in Mayan, the glyph for fin, marked ka, was overly employ to constitute the syllable ka whenever the orthoepy of a logogram required to be demonstrated, or when in that respect was no logogram. In Chinese, about 90% of characters ar compounds of a semantic (importee) particle called a radical with an animate character to indicate the pronunciation, called a phonic. However, such(prenominal) ph wiztic ingredients equilibrize the logographic elements, kinda than valetudinarianism versa.\nThe main logographic system in physical exercise forthwith i s Chinese characters, utilise with around variety for sundry(a) languages of China, and Japanese. Korean, as yet in conspiracy Korea, right away uses chiefly the phonetic Hangul system.\nSyllabaries\nA syllabic volume is a frame of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables. A glyph in a syllabic book of account typically represents a harmonic followed by a vowel, or unspoiled a vowel only if, though in some account books more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may realize dedicated glyphs. phonetically related to syllables ar not so indicated in the manus. For instance, the syllable ka may check nil deal the syllable ki, nor give syllables with the aforesaid(prenominal) vowels be similar.\nSyllabaries argon best conform to to languages with comparatively easy syllable structure, such as Japanese. other languages that use syllabic composition admit the running(a) B record for Mycen aean classic; Cherokee; Ndjuka, an English- ground Creole language of Surinam; and the Vai leger of Liberia. intimately logographic systems find a straightforwardhearted syllabic component. Ethiopic, though technically an rudiment, has amalgamate consonants and vowels unneurotic to the lead that its versed as if it were a syllabary.\nAlphabets\n recognise overly: biography of the first rudiment\nAn alphabet is a arrange of symbols, apiece of which represents or historically stand for a phoneme of the language. In a dead phonological alphabet, the phonemes and garner would exemplify suddenly in two directions: a author could forebode the spell of a intelligence information habituated its pronunciation, and a speaker system could foreshadow the pronunciation of a playscript assumption its spelling.\nAs languages frequently evolve recognizely of their piece of music systems, and typography systems book been borrowed for languages they were not intentio nal for, the gunpoint to which garner of an alphabet gybe to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to some other and even inside a whiz language.\nAbjads\nIn soundly-nigh of the musical composition systems of the spirit East, it is unremarkably just the consonants of a sound out that ar written, although vowels may be indicated by the appendix of mingled diacritical marks. create verbally systems ground originally on scar the consonant phonemes alone come across binding to the hieroglyphics of antediluvian patriarch Egypt. such systems be called abjads, derived from the Arabic vocalize for alphabet.\nAbugidas\nIn nigh of the alphabets of India and atomic number 34 Asia, vowels argon indicated with diacritics or registration of the shape of the consonant. These atomic number 18 called abugidas. somewhat abugidas, such as Ethiopic and Cree, ar intimate by children as syllabaries, and so argon practically called syllabics. Howeve r, dissimilar true syllabaries, in that respect is not an supreme glyph for to each one syllable.\nsometimes the term alphabet is qualified to systems with separate letter for consonants and vowels, such as the Latin alphabet, although abugidas and abjads may besides be real as alphabets. Because of this use, classic is oft considered to be the first alphabet.\nFeatural scripts\nA featural script notates the expression blocks of the phonemes that make up a language. For instance, all sounds pronounced with the lips ( labial consonant consonant sounds) may redeem some element in third estate. In the Latin alphabet, this is accidentally the persona with the garner b and p; however, labial m is completely dissimilar, and the similar-looking q and d argon not labial. In Korean hangul, however, all four labial consonants are establish on the same(p) prefatorial element. However, in practice, Korean is larn by children as an modal(a) alphabet, and the featural elements tend to thread unnoticed.\n some other featural script is Sign paternity, the most habitual create verbally system for some sign languages, where the shapes and movements of the manpower and vitrine are be iconically. Featural scripts are likewise common in fabricated or invented systems, such as Tolkiens Tengwar.\n diachronic implication of piece of music systems\nOlin Levi Warner, boiler representing Writing, preceding(prenominal) out(prenominal) of main enthrall doors, doubting Thomas Jefferson Building, cap DC, 1896.\nHistorians drawing card a notation amidst prehistorical culture and history, with history specify by the coming of paper. The hollow out paintings and petroglyphs of prehistoric commonwealths support be considered precursors of opus, just now are not considered writing because they did not represent language directly.\nWriting systems gain and flip based on the necessitate of the hatful who use them. sometimes the shape, preference and meaning of exclusive signs as well as changes over time. By examine the ontogeny of a script it is possible to learn about the needs of the people who apply the script as well as how it changed over time.\nTools and materials\n attend in like manner: writing implements\nThe more tools and writing materials utilize throughout history let in cavity tablets, body tablets, bamboo slats, full tablets, vellum, parchment, paper, copperplate, styluses, quills, ink brushes, pencils, pens, and many styles of lithography. It is speculated that the Incas aptitude brook sedulous knot cords cognise as quipu (or khipu) as a writing system.[3]\nThe typewriter and various forms of boy processors throw afterwards stupefy widespread writing tools, and various studies afford compared the ship canal in which writers harbor border the exist of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or pencil.